Comparison of the Habit of Bathing between Japanese Living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans Living in Los Angeles / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<p><b>Pur</b><b>pose:</b> Bathing habits are said to be affected by the country of residence. We investigated and compared bathing habits between Japanese living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans living in Los Angeles. </p><p><b>Methods:</b> 488 subjects living in Kyoto (Japanese) and 539 subjects living in Los Angeles (Japanese Americans) were enrolled. The survey items for bathing habits were as follows: frequency (times per week) and time (morning, afternoon, evening) of taking baths and showers, other styles of bathing, and bathing duration (both baths and showers). We performed a simple tabulation and cross tabulation, calculated 95% confidential intervals by simple tabulation, and compared the results using chi-square analysis. The survey was conducted in Los Angeles in October 2010 and in Kyoto in December 2013.</p><p><b>Results:</b> The percentage of subjects who took baths was 92.8% for Japanese and 56.0% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a bath was 36.8 points higher for Japanese compared with Japanese Americans. The percentage of subjects who took showers was 71.7% for Japanese and 82.6% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a shower was 10.9 points higher for Japanese Americans compared with Japanese. The most common response for frequency of bathing was “every day”, followed by “every other day” in both groups. The most common response for the time of taking a bath was “evening” in both groups. Among Japanese Americans, 21.8% took baths in the “morning”. Most Japanese indicated they took a shower “less than once a week” (48.0%), whereas most Japanese Americans took a shower “every day” (78%). The timing of taking a shower was in the “evening” for most Japanese, but in the “morning” or “evening” for most Japanese Americans. The most common response for bathing duration (both baths and showers) was “26-30 min” among Japanese and “6-10 min” among Japanese Americans.</p><p><b>Discussion:</b> For Japanese Americans, the purpose of bathing was suggested to be cleaning the body since their main style of bathing was taking showers of a short duration in the morning or evening. On the other hand, for Japanese, the purpose of bathing was thought to be cleaning and healing the body, but also maintaining health since their main style of bathing was taking baths of a long duration in the evening. We speculate that the country of residence affects bathing habits and that there are differences among people of the same race living in different countries.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Bathing habits such as bathing style, the time of bathing and bathing duration were different between Japanese and Japanese Americans.</p>

Comparison of the Habit of Bathing between Japanese Living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans Living in Los Angeles / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Purpose: Bathing habits are said to be affected by the country of residence. We investigated and compared bathing habits between Japanese living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans living in Los Angeles. Methods: 488 subjects living in Kyoto (Japanese) and 539 subjects living in Los Angeles (Japanese Americans) were enrolled. The survey items for bathing habits were as follows: frequency (times per week) and time (morning, afternoon, evening) of taking baths and showers, other styles of bathing, and bathing duration (both baths and showers). We performed a simple tabulation and cross tabulation, calculated 95% confidential intervals by simple tabulation, and compared the results using chi-square analysis. The survey was conducted in Los Angeles in October 2010 and in Kyoto in December 2013.Results: The percentage of subjects who took baths was 92.8% for Japanese and 56.0% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a bath was 36.8 points higher for Japanese compared with Japanese Americans. The percentage of subjects who took showers was 71.7% for Japanese and 82.6% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a shower was 10.9 points higher for Japanese Americans compared with Japanese. The most common response for frequency of bathing was “every day”, followed by “every other day” in both groups. The most common response for the time of taking a bath was “evening” in both groups. Among Japanese Americans, 21.8% took baths in the “morning”. Most Japanese indicated they took a shower “less than once a week” (48.0%), whereas most Japanese Americans took a shower “every day” (78%). The timing of taking a shower was in the “evening” for most Japanese, but in the “morning” or “evening” for most Japanese Americans. The most common response for bathing duration (both baths and showers) was “26-30 min” among Japanese and “6-10 min” among Japanese Americans.Discussion: For Japanese Americans, the purpose of bathing was suggested to be cleaning the body since their main style of bathing was taking showers of a short duration in the morning or evening. On the other hand, for Japanese, the purpose of bathing was thought to be cleaning and healing the body, but also maintaining health since their main style of bathing was taking baths of a long duration in the evening. We speculate that the country of residence affects bathing habits and that there are differences among people of the same race living in different countries.Conclusion: Bathing habits such as bathing style, the time of bathing and bathing duration were different between Japanese and Japanese Americans.

Comparison of the Habit of Bathing between Japanese Living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans Living in Los Angeles / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

<p><b>Purpose:</b> Bathing habits are said to be affected by the country of residence. We investigated and compared bathing habits between Japanese living in Kyoto and Japanese Americans living in Los Angeles. </p><p><b>Methods:</b> 488 subjects living in Kyoto (Japanese) and 539 subjects living in Los Angeles (Japanese Americans) were enrolled. The survey items for bathing habits were as follows: frequency (times per week) and time (morning, afternoon, evening) of taking baths and showers, other styles of bathing, and bathing duration (both baths and showers). We performed a simple tabulation and cross tabulation, calculated 95% confidential intervals by simple tabulation, and compared the results using chi-square analysis. The survey was conducted in Los Angeles in October 2010 and in Kyoto in December 2013.　</p><p><b>Results:</b> The percentage of subjects who took baths was 92.8% for Japanese and 56.0% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a bath was 36.8 points higher for Japanese compared with Japanese Americans. The percentage of subjects who took showers was 71.7% for Japanese and 82.6% for Japanese Americans. The frequency of taking a shower was 10.9 points higher for Japanese Americans compared with Japanese. The most common response for frequency of bathing was “every day”, followed by “every other day” in both groups. The most common response for the time of taking a bath was “evening” in both groups. Among Japanese Americans, 21.8% took baths in the “morning”. Most Japanese indicated they took a shower “less than once a week” (48.0%), whereas most Japanese Americans took a shower “every day” (78%). The timing of taking a shower was in the “evening” for most Japanese, but in the “morning” or “evening” for most Japanese Americans. The most common response for bathing duration (both baths and showers) was “26-30 min” among Japanese and “6-10 min” among Japanese Americans.</p><p><b>Discussion:</b> For Japanese Americans, the purpose of bathing was suggested to be cleaning the body since their main style of bathing was taking showers of a short duration in the morning or evening. On the other hand, for Japanese, the purpose of bathing was thought to be cleaning and healing the body, but also maintaining health since their main style of bathing was taking baths of a long duration in the evening. We speculate that the country of residence affects bathing habits and that there are differences among people of the same race living in different countries.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> Bathing habits such as bathing style, the time of bathing and bathing duration were different between Japanese and Japanese Americans.</p>

<b>A Study on the Association Between Skin Color and Health Condition</b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In Japanese traditional medicine, “<i>ganmenshin</i>” (facial diagnosis), which means assessment of a patient's health based on the color of his/her face, is frequently used in a clinical setting. However, little scientific evidence is available to substantiate such diagnoses. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between skin color and patient's health status to ascertain the clinical usefulness of the “<i>ganmenshin</i>” technique. We evaluated the color of the cheeks and forearms of 30 healthy study participants and also administered questionnaires to determine their health. A correlation was observed between skin color and work efficiency and the <i>inkyo </i>(yin-fluid deficiency) scores in all subjects. In male subjects, skin color was correlated with their bodymass index (BMI), self-rated health status, work efficiency, and <i>suitai </i>(fluid stagnation) scores. In female subjects, skin color was correlated with the patient's age, work efficiency, and <i>inkyo </i>scores. These results suggest that “<i>ganmenshin</i>” may be clinically useful because of the correlation between skin color and the health of patients.

Effects of Essential Oil Odor Exposure on Psychophysiological and Immunological Parameters of Fatigue due to Computer-Related Tasks / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

<b>Objective</b>: The psychophysiological and immunological effects of exposure to different varieties of essential oils on fatigue were extensively investigated in students performing personal computer tasks.<br> <b>Design</b>: Randomized crossover study<br> <b>Methods</b>: This study was approved by the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, and informed consents were obtained from all subjects. Eight healthy male university students with mean age of 22.38±1.30 (range 21–24) who served as the subjects in this study were given a 120-minute personal computer task with 10-minute rest period before and after the task.<br> During the course of performing PC task, subjects were either exposed to one of the five essential oil odors (grapefruit, peppermint, true lavender, blend A, blend B) or not exposed to any odor at all, serving as the control in the study. Each of the six odor setting were carried out on separate days upon which psychophysiological and immunological parameters of fatigue in the subjects were evaluated.<br> <b>Results and Conclusions</b>: The results of this study suggest that exposure to essential oil odors affects the autonomic nervous and immunological system when engaged in a personal computer task. Moreover, different varieties of essential oils cause different vital reactions. In particular, peppermint essential oil exhibits fatigue-reducing effects.<br>

On the Fatigue-Reducing Effects of Green Tea / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

<b>Objective</b>: On the psychological, physiological and immunological parameters, the effects of green tea drink were comprehensively investigated.<br> <b>Design</b>: This study used a randomized cross-over design.<br> <b>Methods</b>: After a 120-minute computer fatigue task, participants were randomized into two groups: one tasked to drink green tea and the other water. Blood collection, measurement of the P300 event related potential and questionnaire were executed three times: before and after the computer fatigue task and then, 30 minute after drinking green tea or water. These data were then compared. High Frequency (HF) and average Low Frequency/High Frequency Ratio (LF/HF) were calculated.<br> <b>Result</b>: In a state of fatigue, drinking green tea showed dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system, an improvement in their attentiveness, and elevation of NK activity; thereby, reducing fatigue, particularly, mental fatigue.<br> <b>Conclusion</b>: This study comprehensively showed the fatigue-reducing eggect of green tea in psychological, physiological and immunological parameters. It is hereby, suggested that green tea is indeed, helpful in reducing fatigue.<br>

<b>Randomized Controlled Study on Enhanced Cognitive Function </b><b>with Acupuncture and Improvements in Life Style </b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Since it is supposed that the number of patients with dementia will increase as populations age in the near future, it is important to prevent dementia. In the present study, we examined whether acupuncture and life style improvements are able to enhance cognitive function.<BR>The subjects who worry about being forgetful were recruited and divided at random into two groups ; a group receiving acupuncture with transcutaneous electrical acupuncture-point stimulation (TEAS) and im provements in life style (20 subjects ; group A) and a group undergoing improvements in life style alone (20 subjects ; group B) for 12 weeks. The results showed that the cognitive functions assessed via a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, sleep time, and sleep efficiency were improved in all subjects included in groups A and B after the interventions. There were significant pre-to post-intervention differences in MMSE and sleep efficiency in group A only. It was found that these interven tions increased NK cells, NK activity and B cell numbers, and decreased T cell and helper T cell numbers.Thus, acupuncture and improvement of life style could enhance cognitive function and may be useful for the prevention of dementia.

Improvement of Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disturbance in Nursing Home Residents by Aromatherapy Massage: A Preliminary Study / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

We examined the effect of aromatherapy massage on the circadian rhythm in 8 elderly subjects in an open semi-comparative trial, comparing the parameters in the 2^nd week during which the aromatherapy massage sessions were performed, with 1-week periods (1^st and 3^rd weeks) before and after the sessions. Time spent asleep while in-bed and the sleep efficiency during the sleep time increased significantly in the 2^nd week compared with those in the 1^st and/or 3^rd weeks. A higher peak of the 24-h cycle circadian rhythm was noted following aromatherapy massage in elderly people, who often exhibit circadian rhythm disturbance. Furthermore, the peaks of the spectrum cycle in the 2^nd week were significantly closer to 24 h than those in the 1^st and 3^rd weeks. These results suggest that aromatherapy massage improves sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance.<br>

Suppression of Murine Melanoma Growth by Fermented Grain Extracts / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

We evaluated the anti-tumor activity of fermented grain extracts using a mouse tumor model. An experimental diet containing materials from fermented rice germ, wheat germ, hulled rice, soybean and seaweed (fermented materials, FM) was fed to 4-week-old female C57BL6 mice for 14 days prior to and 21 days following the subcutaneous implantation of B16 melanoma (5×10 ⁵ cells/mouse). FM retarded tumor growth and increased the duration of host survival. We further examined the anti-tumor activity of FM using the B16 metastasis model. An experimental diet containing FM was fed to C57BL6 mice for 14 days prior to and 21 days following B16 tail vein administration (5×10⁴ cells/mouse). The decrease in observed metastasis in the lungs of mice treated with FM was also significant. In order to identify this anti-tumor activity of FM, NK-activity in the FM fed mice was evaluated. However, the values were comparable to the control mice. These results suggest that the fermented grain extracts induce anti tumor activity <i>in vivo</i>, although the mechanism of this activity is not yet clear.<br>

The Effects of Massage Therapy on the Immune, Hematological and Psychological State of Adult Subjects / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Objectives: To determine the effects of massage therapy on the immune and psychological state, and serum lipids levels.<br> Design: A non controlled trial with 32 subjects.<br> Setting: Kyoto Prefectural School for the Blind and Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine.<br> Subjects: 32 adults aged from 18 to 56 years (10 males; 22 females).<br> Interventions: One 25-min whole body massage.<br> Outcome Measures: Changes in peripheral blood levels of red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Ht), white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, CD4+ lymphocytes, CD8+ lymphocytes, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD16+ lymphocytes, serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ), serum interleukin 6 (IL6), serum total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c); saliva secretory IgA (s-IgA); State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).<br> Results: Psychological measures; Both state and trait anxiety scores decreased significantly (p<0.001). Serum lipids; Significant hemodilution and significantly decreased levels of serum T-CHO, LDLc and HDLc (p<0.001) were observed. Immune measures; Significant decreases of neutrophils (p<0.05) and CD16-positive cell counts (p<0.01) were recognized.<br> Conclusions: It was suggested from our result in the present study that massage therapy is an effective relaxation/stress management technique which could reduce anxiety and modulate immune function.<br>

Medical Aromatherapy / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Medical aromatherapy, a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to cure diseases or to diminish symptoms by using essential oils, is widely applied to the areas of nursing or medical care. Since the varied pharmacological effects of essential oils are anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic, medical aromatherapy is used for the treatment of gynecological and obstetrical disorders, skin troubles, upper respiratory infections and psychosomatic diseases, and for pain control and stress management. The methods of aromatherapy include inhalation, oral administration, aromatic bathing and massage. Massage is most effective in inducing relaxation. Because aromatherapy is only complementary to mainstream medicine, the combination of aromatherapy with western medicine and other CAM therapies can realize an ideal integrative medicine.<br>

Attitudes of Medical Students Toward Oriental Medicine before and after Lecture Course / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In order to examine the attitudes of medical students toward oriental medicine before and after lecture course, self-administered questionnaires were given the medical students of Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine. Eighteen percent of the students had some experience with the prescription of Kampo medicine by doctors; 53% had used Kampo medicine purchased in pharmacies, and 13% had been treated with acupuncture and moxibustion. Eighty-four percent of the students were interested in oriental medicine; 82% thought that oriental medicine was worth learning; 76% thought that oriental medicine was essential in contemporary medicine and 54% wanted to introduce oriental medicine into their clinical practice in the future. These percentages increased after the lecture course to 92%, 85%, 87% and 62%, respectively.